Zomwe zili m'munsimu zamasuliridwa kuchokera ku gwero la Chitchaina pogwiritsa ntchito makina omasulira popanda kusinthidwa pambuyo pake.
Kumasulira Chijapani kupita ku Chitchaina ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri pantchito yomasulira, makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka chinenero, chikhalidwe, ndi galamala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yomasulira ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Mu kumasulira Chijapani, pali zovuta zambiri zomwe omasulira achi China nthawi zambiri amakumana nazo panthawi yomasulira, makamaka pankhani ya kusiyana kwa galamala, kusankha mawu, ulemu, ndi mawu olankhulidwa. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane mavuto awa omasulira ndikupereka mayankho ofanana.
1, Kusiyana kwa Chilankhulo cha Chijapani
Kusiyana kwa galamala pakati pa Chijapani ndi Chitchaina ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta zomwe zimafala pomasulira. Kapangidwe ka ziganizo mu Chijapani nthawi zambiri kamakhala motsatira dongosolo la "subject+object+predicate", pomwe mu Chitchaina kamakhala kosinthasintha, makamaka m'chilankhulo cholankhulidwa, komwe malo a verebu lotsogolera amatha kusintha malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Kuphatikiza apo, Chijapani chimagwiritsa ntchito tinthu ting'onoting'ono kusonyeza ubale wa galamala, pomwe Chitchaina chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la mawu ndi mawu ogwirira ntchito (monga "de", "lai", ndi zina zotero) kusonyeza ubale wa galamala. Yankho: Pomasulira, gawo loyamba ndikugawa ziganizo za Chijapani, kumvetsetsa ntchito za galamala za gawo lililonse, kenako kusintha moyenera malinga ndi malamulo a galamala a Chitchaina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chijapani, "が" kapena "は" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zizindikiro za mutu, ndipo pomasulira, mutuwo ukhoza kuganiziridwa kuchokera ku zomwe zikuchitika ndipo kapangidwe ka ziganizo kakhoza kusinthidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ziganizo zofala kapena ziganizo zomwe anthu osiyidwa mu Chijapani ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kapena kulembedwanso malinga ndi zizolowezi za Chitchaina.
2, Mavuto posankha mawu
Mawu ena achijapani alibe mawu ofanana mwachindunji mu Chitchaina, zomwe zimapangitsa kusankha mawu kukhala kovuta kwambiri pakumasulira. Mwachitsanzo, mawu achijapani akuti “おরれ様” alibe mawu ofanana kwathunthu mu Chitchaina. Ngakhale kuti angatanthauzidwe kuti 'ntchito yolimba' kapena 'mwagwira ntchito molimbika', nkhani ndi mawu a awiriwa sizigwirizana kwathunthu. Yankho: Mukakumana ndi mawu omwe sakugwirizana mwachindunji, omasulira ayenera kusintha moyenera kutengera nkhaniyo. Mwachitsanzo, pa mawu monga 'kutopa', njira zosiyanasiyana zomasulira zingasankhidwe kutengera mwambo wa nkhaniyo. Kuphatikiza apo, pa mawu ena okhala ndi makhalidwe achikhalidwe, kumasulira kofotokozera kungasankhidwe, kapena ziganizo zina zokhala ndi mafotokozedwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti owerenga chinenerocho amvetsetse.
3, Kumasulira kwa chilankhulo cholemekezeka komanso chodzichepetsa
Ulemu ndi kudzichepetsa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'chinenero cha Chijapani, pomwe palibe mawu ofanana m'Chitchaina. Chifukwa chake, momwe mungamasulire mawu olemekezeka ndi odzichepetsa m'Chijapani kupita ku Chitchaina ndi vuto lalikulu pakumasulira. Mu Chijapani, mawu olemekezeka samangowonekera mu kusintha kwa verebu, komanso m'mawu enaake ndi kapangidwe ka ziganizo monga "ございます" ndi "おっしいる", zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chapadera. Yankho: Pomasulira mawu olemekezeka m'Chijapani, omasulira ayenera kuganizira za machitidwe a mawu ndi chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina. Muzochitika zovomerezeka, munthu angasankhe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu olemekezeka monga "inu", "gui", ndi zina zotero; M'malo olankhulirana kwambiri, mawu olemekezeka amatha kuchotsedwa moyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, mawu ena olemekezeka m'Chijapani amatha kufotokozedwa kudzera mu kusintha kwa kamvekedwe, monga "おっし동る" omwe angatanthauzidwe kuti "kunena" ndikuwonetsa ulemu kudzera munkhani.
4, chodabwitsa cha kulephera mu Chijapani
Mu Chijapani, zigawo zina za ziganizo nthawi zambiri zimasiyidwa, makamaka m'chinenero cholankhulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chijapani, mutu wa "きまか?" nthawi zambiri umasiyidwa, ndipo "きまか?" ukhoza kumasuliridwa kuti "pita?", koma gawo losiyidwa nthawi zambiri limafunika kufotokozedwa bwino mu Chitchaina. Chochitika chosiyidwachi chimafuna omasulira kuti aganizire magawo omwe asiyidwa kutengera zomwe zili mkati. Yankho: Pomasulira, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera magawo omwe asiyidwa kutengera zomwe zili mkati ndi zomwe zili mkati. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chijapani, mutu wa "きまか?" umasiyidwa m'chinenero cholankhulidwa, koma akamasuliridwa mu Chitchaina, mitu monga "inu" kapena "ife" iyenera kuwonjezeredwa malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili kuti zitsimikizire kuti ziganizozo ndi zomveka bwino.
5, Mphamvu ya Kusiyana kwa Chikhalidwe pa Kumasulira
Chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Japan ndi aku China ndi chosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti mawu kapena zizolowezi zina zikhale zofanana mwachindunji pakumasulira. Makamaka pankhani ya miyambo, miyambo, ndi makhalidwe abwino, kumasulira kungafunike kusintha chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chijapani, “いただきます” ndi “ごちそうさました” sizili ndi mawu ofanana kwathunthu mu Chitchaina, kotero kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kuyenera kuganiziridwa pomasulira. Yankho: Pamkhalidwe uwu, omasulira ayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso china cha chikhalidwe. Pa mawu okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, kumasulira kosinthika kwa chikhalidwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena kumasulira kwina kofotokozera kungaperekedwe kuti kuthandize owerenga chinenero chomwe mukufuna kumvetsetsa. Mwachitsanzo, “いただ〚す” kungatanthauzidwe kuti “Ndayamba kudya”, pomwe “っちそうした” kungatanthauzidwe kuti “Zikomo chifukwa cha kuchereza alendo kwanu” ndi mawu kapena mafotokozedwe oyenera.
6, tinthu ta Mood ndi adverbs mu Chijapani
Pali mawu ambiri okhudza momwe munthu amamvera komanso mawu ofotokozera mu Chijapani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza malingaliro, malingaliro, kapena kamvekedwe ka wolankhulayo. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mawu ofotokozera nthawi zambiri sitikhala ndi mawu ofanana mwachindunji mu Chitchaina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chijapani, tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga "ね", "よ", ndi "かな" tilibe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tofanana mu Chitchaina. Yankho: Mukamasulira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana mu Chitchaina malinga ndi zosowa za nkhaniyo. Mwachitsanzo, "ね" ikhoza kumasuliridwa kuti "ba" kapena "right", ndipo "よ" ikhoza kumasuliridwa kuti "oh" kapena "ah". Kusankha mawu oyenera kutengera nkhaniyo kungasunge kamvekedwe ka mawu oyambirira pomwe kumasulirako kukukhala kwachibadwa.
7, Kusamalira Ziganizo Zazitali ndi Zophatikizana
Kapangidwe ka ziganizo zazitali ndi zophatikizana kawirikawiri m'Chijapani nthawi zina kamakhala kovuta kwa omasulira momwe angagawire ziganizo. Mu Chijapani, ziganizo zophatikizana zimalumikiza zigawo zosiyanasiyana za ziganizo kudzera mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zolumikizirana, pomwe mu Chitchaina, ziganizo zazitali nthawi zambiri zimafuna kusintha kapangidwe ka ziganizo kuti zimveke bwino. Yankho: Pa ziganizo zazitali kapena zophatikizana zovuta za Chijapani, omasulira amatha kuzigawa malinga ndi tanthauzo lake ndikuzisintha kukhala ziganizo zingapo zazifupi kuti zigwirizane ndi zizolowezi za Chitchaina. Kuphatikiza apo, chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa ku ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zigawo za chiganizo chilichonse kuti tipewe mavuto a malingaliro osamveka bwino kapena mawu olakwika pomasulira.
8, Chidule
Kumasulira Chijapani kupita ku Chitchaina ndi njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo mavuto osiyanasiyana monga kusiyana kwa galamala, kusankha mawu, ulemu, ndi mawu olankhulidwa. Kudzera mu kusanthula mozama kwa mavuto omasulira awa, zitha kupezeka kuti pali mayankho kumbuyo kwa vuto lililonse. Omasulira amafunika kukhala ndi maziko olimba a chilankhulo, kugwiritsa ntchito luso la chilankhulo mosinthasintha, komanso kusamala zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kuti amalize bwino ntchito yomasulira kuchokera ku Chijapani kupita ku Chitchaina. Pakumasulira Chijapani, kuthetsa mavutowa sikungongowonjezera kulondola ndi kusinthasintha kwa kumasulira, komanso kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsana ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zilankhulo ziwiri ndi zikhalidwe.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-24-2025